Medicinal Drug Addiction Essay Example

Medicinal Drug Addiction Essay Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion World Health Organization Geneva 1988 ISBN 92 4 154239X O World Health Oganbatian, 1988 Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copytight protection in accordance wiVl t e provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal C o r n Convention. For rights of h reproduction or translation of W O publications, in part or in tom, application should H be made to the Gffice of Publications, World Health Organization, Geneva, S w i a n d .The World Heam Organization welcomes such applications. The designations employed and te presentation of the material in this publication do h not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of t e Secretariat of the h World Health Organization concerningthe legal status of any country, territory, cky or area or of its authorities, or concerningthe delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers productsdoes not imply that they are endor sed or recommendedby the World Health Organhation in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. Typeset and printed in Switzerland 88/7708-WHO/Gloor43WO Ethical criteria f6r medicinal drug promoW~ Resolution WHA41. 17 Introduction Objective Ethical criteria Applicability and implementation of criteriaPromotion Advertising Medical representatives Free samples of prescription drugs for promotional purposes Free samples of nomprescription drugs to the general public for promotional purposes Symposia and other scientific meetings Postmarketing scientific studies, surveillance and dissemination of information Packaging and labelling Information for patients: package inserts, leaflets and booklets Promotion of exported drugs Appendix: Sample drug information sheet Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion Resolution WHA41. 7 adopted by the Forty-first Wo rld Health Assembly, 13 May 1988 Ethicalcriteriafor medicinal drugpromotion The Forty-first World Health Assembly, Recalling resolutions WHA21. 41 and WHA39. 27; Having considered the report of the Executive Board concerning the ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion based on a draft prepared by an international group of experts; Convinced that observance of ethical criteria for medicinal l drug promotion by al parties concerned will contribute to a more rational use of drugs; 1. THANKS the international group of experts for its work; . ENDORSES the ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion that are annexed to this resolution, on the understanding that they constitute general principles that could be adapted by governments to countries circircumstances as appropriate to their political, economic, cultural, social, educational, scientific and technical situation, their national laws and regulations, disease profile, therapeutic traditions, and the level of development of t heir health system, and that they do not constitute legal obligations; 3.URGES Member States: (1) to take account of these ethical criteria in developing their own appropriate measures to ensure that Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion medicinal drug promotion supports the aim of improving health care through the rational use of drugs; (2) to monitor and enforce, where appropriate, the implementation of the measures they have developed; 4. APPEALS to pharmaceutical manufacturers and distributors, the promotion industry, ealth personnel involved in the prescription, dispensing, supply and distribution of drugs, universities and other teaching institutions, professional associations, patient and consumer groups, the professional and general media (including publishers and editors of medical journals and related publications), and the public: (1) to use these criteria as appropriate to their spheres of competence, activity and responsibility; (2) to adopt measures based on th ese criteria as appropriate, and monitor and enforce their standards; 5.REQUESTS the Director-General: (1) to ensure the wide dissemination of these criteria in all official languages; (2) to follow the practice of these criteria and to report to the Executive Board from time to time as appropriate. Ethical criteria. for medicinal drug promotion Introduction 1. Following the WHO Conference of Experts on the Rational Use of Drugs held in Nairobi in November 1985, WHO prepared a revised drug strategy which was endorsed by the Thnty-ninth World Health Assembly in May 1986 in resolution WHA39. 27.This strategy includes, among other components, the establishment of ethical criteria for drug promotion based on the updating and extension of the ethical and scientific criteria established in 1968 by the Twenty-first World Health Assembly in resolution WHA21. 41. The criteria that follow have been prepared in compliance with the above on the basis of a draft elaborated by an international gr oup of experts. Objective 2. The main objective of ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion is to support and encouragethe improvement of health care through the rational use of medicinal drugs.Ethical criteria 3. The interpretation of what is ethical varies in different parts of the world and in different societies. The issue in all societies is what is proper behaviour. Ethical criteria Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion for drug promotion should lay the foundationfor proper behaviour concerning the promotion of medicinal drugs, consistent with the search for truthfulnessand righteousness. The criteria should thus assist in judging if promotional practices related to medicinal drugs are in keeping with acceptable ethical standards. Applicability and implementation of criteria . These criteria constitute general principles for ethical standards which could be adapted by governments to national circumstances as appropriate to their political, economic, cultural, soci al, educational, scientific and technical situation, laws and regulations, disease profile, therapeutic traditions and the level of development of their health system. They apply to prescription and nonprescription medicinal drugs (over-the-counter drugs). They also apply generally to traditional medicines as appropriate, and to any other product promoted l as a medicine.The criteria could be used by people in al walks of life; by governments; the pharmaceutical industry (manufacturers and distributors); the promotion industry (advertising agencies, market research organizations and the like); health personnel involved in the prescription, dispensing, supply and distribution of drugs; universities and other teaching institutions; professional associations; patients and consumer groups; and the professional and general media (including publishers and editors of medical journals and related 4 -Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion publications). Al these are encouraged to use the cril teria as appropriate to their spheres of competence, activity and responsibility. They are also encouraged to take the criteria into account in developing their own sets of ethical standards in their own field relating to medicinal drug promotion. 5. The criteria do not constitute legal obligations; governments may adopt legislation or other measures based on , them as they deem fit. S ~ l yother groups may adopt l self-regulatory measures based on them.Al these bodies should monitor and enforce their standards. Promotion 6. In this context, promotion refers to all informational and persuasive activitiesby manufadurers and distributors, the effect of which is to induce the prescription, supply, purchase and/or use of medicinal drugs. Active promotion within a country should take place only with respect to drugs legally available in the country. Promotion should be in keeping with national health policies and in compliance with national regulations, as well as with voluntar y standards where they exist.All promotion-making claims concerning medicinal drugs should be reliable, accurate, truthfulI informative, balanced, up-to-date, capable of substantiationand in good taste. They should not contain misleading or unverifhble statements or omissions likely to induce medically Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion unjustifiable drug use or to give rise to undue risks. The word safe should only be used if properly qualified. Comparison of products should be factual, fair and capable of substantiation.Promotional material should not be designed so as to disguise its real nature. 8. Scientific data in the public domain should be made available to prescribers and any other person entitled to receive it, on request, as appropriate to their requirements. Promotion in the form of financial or material benefits should not be offered to or sought by health care practitioners to influence them in the prescription of drugs. 9. Scientific and educational activi ties should not be deliberately used for promotional purposes.Advertising (a) Advertisements in all forms to physicians and health-related professionals 10. The wording and illustrations in advertisements to physicians and related health professionals should be fully consistent with the approved scientific data sheet for the drug concerned or other source of information with similar content. The text should be fully legible. 11. Some countries require that advertisements should contain full product information, as defined by the 6 Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion pproved scientific data sheet or similar document, for a given period from the date of first promotion or for the full product life. Advertisements that make a promotional claim should at least contain summary scientific information. 12. The following list, based on the sample drug information sheet contained in the second report of the WHO Expert Committee on the Use of Essential Drugs1and appended for ease of reference, can serve as an illustration of the type of information that such advertisements should usually contain, among others: he name($ of the active [emailprotected](s) using either international nonproprietary names (INN) or the approved generic name of the drug; the brand name; content of active ingredient(s) per dosage form or regimen; name of other ingredients known to cause problems; approved therapeutic uses; dosage form or regimen; side-effectsand major adverse drug reactions; precautions, contra-indications and warnings; major interactions; name and address of manufacturer or distributor; reference to scientific literature as appropriate. WHO Technical Report Series, No. 722,1985,p. 43.Ethical criteria for medicinal drug pronotion 13. Where advertisements are permitted without claims (reminder advertisements),they ought to include at least the brand name, the international nonproprietary name or approved generic name, the name of each active ingredient, and the name an d address of the manufacturer or distributor for the purpose of receiving further information. (b) Advertisements in all forms to the general public 14. Advertisementsto the general public should help people to make rational decisions on the use of drugs determined to be legally available without a prescription.While they should take account of peoples legitimate desire for information regarding their health, they should not take undue advantage of peoples concern for their health. They should not generally be permitted for prescription drugs or to promote drugs for certain serious conditions that can be treated only by qualified health practitioners, for which certain countries have established lists. To fight drug addiction and dependency, scheduled narcotic and psychotropic drugs should not be advertised to the general public.While health education aimed at children is highly desirable, drug advertisements should not be directed at children. Advertisementsmay claim that a drug ca n cure, prevent, hs or relieve an ailment only if t i can be substantiated. They should also indicate, where applicable, appropriate limitations to the use of the drug. 15. When lay language is used,the information should be consistent with the approved scientific data sheet or 8 Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion other legally determined scientific basis for approval. Language which brings about fear or distress should not be used. 6. The following list serves as an illustration of the type of information advertisements to the general public should contain, taking into account the media employed: the name(s) of the active [emailprotected](s) using either international nonproprietary names (INN) or the approved generic name o the drug; f the brand name; major indication(s) for use; major precautions, contra-indications and warnings; name and address of manufacturer or distributor. Information on price to the consumer should be accurately and honestly portrayed. Medical re presentatives 17.Medical representatives should have an appropriate educational background. They should be adequately trained. They should possess sufficient medical and technical knowledge and integrity to present information on products and carry out other promotional activities in an accurate and responsible manner. Employers are responsible for the basic and continuing training of their representatives. Such training should include instruction regarding appropriate ethical conduct taking Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion into consideration the WHO criteria.In this context, exposure of medical representatives and trainees to feedback from the medical and allied professions and from independent members of the public, particularly regarding risks, can be salutary. 18. Medical representatives should make available to prescribers and dispensers complete and unbiased information for each product discussed, such as an approved scientific data sheet or other source of inform ation with similar content. 19. Employers should be responsible for the statements and activities of their medical representatives.Medical r e p resentatives should not offer inducements to prescribers and dispensers. Prescribers and dispensers should not solicit such inducements. In order to avoid overpromotion, the main part of the remuneration of medical representatives should not be directly related to the volume of sales they generate. Free samples of prescription drugs for promotional purposes 20. Free samples of legally available prescription drugs may be provided in modest quantities to prescribers, generally on request. 10 Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotionFree samples of mmpresdption chugs to the general puWi for promotional purposes 21. Countries vary in their practices regarding the provision of free samples of non-prescription drugs to the general public, some countries permitting it, some not. Also, a distinction has to be made between provision of free drug s by health agencies for the care of certain groups and the provision of free samples to the general public for promotional purposes. The provision of free samples of non-prescription drugs to the general public for promotional purposes is difficult to justdy from a health hs perspective.If ti practice is legally permitted in any country, it should be handled with great restraint. Symposia and other seientiic meetings 22. Symposia are useful for disseminating information. The objective scientific content of such meetings should be paramount, and presentations by independent scientists and health professionals are helpful to this end. Their educational value may be enhanced if they are organized by scientific or professional bodies. 23. The fad of sponsorship by a pharmaceutical manufacturer or distributor should be clearly stated in advance, at the meeting and in any proceedings.The latter should accurately reflect the presentations and discussions. Entertainment or other hospitalit y, and any #S offered Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion to members of the medical and allied professions, should be secondary to the main purpose of the meeting and should be kept to a modest level. 24. Any support to individual health practitioners to participate in any domestic or international symposia should not be conditional upon any obligation to promote any medicinal product. Post+nadcet~ng scientific studies, suweiC ance and dissemination of information 25. Post-marketing clinical trials for approved medicinal drugs are important to ensure their rational use. It is recommended that appropriate national health authorities be made aware of any such studies and that relevant scientific and ethical committees confirm the validity of the research. Intercountry and regional cooperation in such studies may be useful. Substantiated information on such studies should be reported to the appropriate national health authorities and disseminated as soon as possible. 26.Post- marketing scientific studies and surveillance should not be misused as a disguised form of promotion. 27. Substantiated information on hazards associated with medicinal drugs should be reported to the appropriate national health authority as a priority, and should be disseminated internationally as soon as possible. 12 Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion Packaging and labelling 28. Appropriate information being important to ensure the rational use of drugs, all packaging and labelling material should provide information consistent with that approved by the countrys drug regulatory authority.Where one does not exist or is rudimentary, such material should provide information consistent with that approved by the drug regulatory authority of the country from which the drug is imported or other reliable sources of information with similar content. Any wording and illustration on the package and label should conform to the principles of ethical criteria enunciated in this docum ent. lrrfonnation for patients= package inserts, leaflets and booklets 29. Adequate information on the use of medicinal drugs should be made available to patients. Such information should be provided by physicians or pharmacists whenever possible.When package inserts or leaflets are required by governments, manufacturers or distributors should ensure that they refled only the information that has been approved by the countrys drug regulatory authority. If package inserts or leaflets are used for promotional purposes, they should comply with the ethical criteria enunciated i this document. The wording of the n package inserts or leaflets, if prepared specifically for patients, should be in lay language on condition that the medical and scientific content is properly reflected. Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion 30.In addition to approved package inserts and leaflets wherever available, the preparation and distribution of booklets and other informational material for patien ts and consumers should be encouraged as appropriate. Such material should also comply with the ethical criteria enunciated in this document. 31. Ethical criteria for the promotion of exported drugs should be identical with those relating to drugs for domestic use. It is desirable that exporting and importing countries that have not already done so should use the WHO Certification Scheme on the Quality of Pharmaceutical Products Moving in International Commerce.Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion Appendix Sample Drug Information Sheet1 Various types of information are needed by prescribem and consumers to ensure the safe and effective use of drugs. The following list is a sample that should be adjusted to meet the needs and abilities of the prescriber. (1) International Nonproprietary Name (INN) of each active substance. (2) Pharmacological data: a brief description o pharmacolf o i a effects and mechanism of action. gcl (3) Clinical information: (a) Indications: whenever appropriate, simple diagnostic criteria should be provided. b) Dosage regimen and relevant pharmacokinetic data: average and range for adults and children; dosing interval; average duration of treatment; special situations, e. g. , renal, hepatic, cardiac, or nutritional insufficiencies that require either ineased or reduced dosage. (c) Contra-indications. (d) Precautions and warnings (reference to pregnancy, lactation, etc. ). Reproduced from The use of essential dnrgs: s m n d report of the WHO fipert Committee on the Use of EssentialD ~ g (WHO Technical Report Series, No. 722, s %, P. 43). Ethical criteria f r medicinal drug promotion o e) Adverse effects (quanbfy by category, if possible). (f) Drug interadions (includeonly if clinically relevant; drugs used for self-medication should be included). (g) Overdosage: brief clinical description of symptoms; non-drug treatment and supportive therapy; specific antidotes. (4) Pharmaceutical information: (a) Dosage f o m . (b) Strength o f dosage form. (C) Excipients. (d) Storage conditions and shelf-life (expiry date). (e) Pack sizes. (f) Description of the product and package. (g) Legal category (narcotic or other controlled drug, prescription or non-prescription). (h) Name and address of manufacturerb) and importer(s).

Reflective presentation of the risk assessment con Essays

Reflective presentation of the risk assessment con Essays Reflective presentation of the risk assessment conducted in ealing christian centre 1 Introduction Under the permission of the head pastor of Ealing Christian Centre, Northfield, London, I was granted the permission to do my practical placement with the church in December 2008. I was directed to the staff in charge of the church's health and safety whose induction given to me in December 2008 and willingness to supervise me in my forty hour practical project scheduled to start on 11th January 2009 was beneficial to me. Since the church building and it surrounding environment are places where people often meet to fellowship, it is very important to ensure the safety of these places such as the Church, the Church halls, churchyards and ground are safe for worshipers and staff to use. If these places are ignored of assessing their risk of usage they can cause serious pain and suffering to people which may often disrupt the peaceful running of the church and its activities. Risk assessment by definition is suggested to be a progressive stage in risk management process, which determines measurable characteristic value of hazards in relation to definite situation and the identification of the threat. And in this practical reflective presentation, I will base the health and safety risk assessment I conducted in Ealing Christian Centre on the Systems put in place for safer place of worship as briefed by my supervisor at induction, and the Daily Time log on my observations. 2 Systems Put In Place for Safer Place of Worship 3 Security of the Church Building Ealing Christian Centre as I learned from my induction day, is a big building used as place of worship for both able and disabled adults, young people and children of various age groups. The boundaries of the church premises are clearly defined with concert walls and good wooden fencing. The door ways are protected such that they do not give cover to intruders. When not in use, all the entrances and windows are securely locked. There is no easy access from points such as lower adjacent structures, compounds, walls or pipes to the roof and has an intruder alarm installed there. I also learned that their musical instruments, computers and private files are securely protected from thieves. Vehicle access to the church grounds as I learned was controlled only on Sundays and any other major event in the church. There is a gate that is locked to prevent access when the parking spaces are full. 4 Theft and Damage There are storerooms for securing valuable items such as audio, visual and musical instruments when they are not in use. The church has offices which are also locked when not in use but all staff and members are advised to safeguard their personal belongings in the church. Cash is counted in a secure room out of sight, removed from the premises overnight and holdings are kept in the minimum, stored in safe installed for small valuable items. The offering how ever is not adequately protected from theft since the offering basket allows every hand to reach the collected money at its base. Items that could be used as missiles to commit damage are removed from around the building, and refuse stored safely away in metal containers from vulnerable areas. 5 Management and Practice The church has no specific annual budget for crime and vandalism prevention measures separate from any general repair funds. Even though staffs have suggested people should report acts of vandalism immediately on recovery, most people do not. However damages are quickly repaired to discourage further similar acts while criminal acts reported automatically to the police if known. Details of the nature, time, place and cost of theft or vandalism are to be recorded in logbooks but mostly it is not done. Advice has been sort from the Police Crime Prevention Office, Fire Prevention Office, the Insurer and the Security Industry so; there is detailed procedure for recording and investigating fires. The community through the police and Church watch scheme are involved in the in safeguarding the church building. But for security reasons there is no procedure put in place for the police and fire service to contact the church key holders in the occurrence of incidents in the building. 6 Other Established Methods There is a proper procedure for keys control and an established procedure for locking up the church. When the building is being locked after activities, the stewards are to inspect the kitchen, toilet, and store rooms to make sure no one is hiding in the building. I learned that the locks of the church are periodically

A Modern Day Sir Thomas More Essay Sample

Your assignment is to feign you are a modern Sir Thomas More in the United States of America. Just as Sir Thomas More highlighted jobs with European societies in Book I of Utopia. you are to discourse current jobs with American society today. Remember that More discussed unjust penalty for offense. a corrupt socio-economic system. the hoggishness of male monarchs. and misgiving in engineering. He besides closely analyzed the corruptness of advisers to the male monarch. These were all important jobs in 16th century England. What are the important jobs in 21st century America? Merely as More used fiction to convey his thoughts. you will be composing a short fiction book to picture the signicant issues of society in the twenty-first century. Make non simply list several jobs with American society. Pick two or three jobs as a focal point and so add inside informations through scene. stage way and duologue that to the full explain why these things are jobs. Talk about who has created the jobs and who is affected by them. Discourse how people are affected by these important jobs. Besides be cognizant that your instructor will be looking for you to pass on your thoughts efficaciously. so this will affect you utilizing prepositional phrases to vary sentence gaps. Once you have completed a unsmooth bill of exchange. if possible. subject your composing along with a rubric to a equal. a parent or a guardian to reexamine your bill of exchange and supply feedback. Use this feedback to do alterations to your bill of exchange. When you submit your book for a class. you should include the undermentioned: †¢ Evidence of prewriting ( bring forthing and forming thoughts ) †¢ Evidence of a bill of exchange ( should incorporate grounds of alteration and redacting ) †¢ A completed rubric ( Student Statement ) with grounds of reappraisal

Terrorism Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Terrorism - Term Paper Example Similarities and differences with insurgency Insurgency is not a conventional war or terrorism. It shares with terrorism the use of force to obtain a political end. Difference that arises between the two is the degree of violence. Terrorism does not lead to political change on its own but insurgency tries to bring forth change use of force of arms. Insurgents use ways like hit and run attacks and laying ambushes on the security forces. Insurgency unlike terrorism gets significant support from a large portion of the population. Insurgency is a movement or a political effort that has an aim. The major difference between terrorism and the insurgency is the intent of their activities. Insurgency contains nothing inherent that will need the use of terror. However, there exist other successful insurgencies that used terrorism and the terror acts, other formed into conflicts where the tactics of terror and terrorism became predominant. Other insurgencies renounced the use of terrorism total ly in their movement. The choice of using terrorism is to inspire increased resistance, destroying the government efficiency, and to mobilize support (Sageman 20). The goal of an insurgency is, to adequately challenge the present government for the control of the entire or a portion of its territory. Insurgents can also force different political concessions in sharing of political power. Insurgencies, however, need the tactic or active support of a portion of the involved population. The insurgents could also require support from foreign countries. This, however, does not bother them at all. A terrorist group does not need and minimally has empathy or support of a big fraction of the population. While the insurgents describe themselves frequently as guerillas or insurgents, the terrorists will never refer to themselves or their organization as terrorists. They describe or portray themselves using political or military terminology such as activists and freedom fighters. Terrorism dep ends on public impact, and relatively conscious of the benefits of avoiding the negative impacts of the term terrorists’ when identifying themselves (Simic 15). Terrorism acts do not try to fight the government forces directly, but will tend to change the perceptions as to the legitimacy or the effectiveness of the government in question. They achieve this by ensuring the greatest knowledge of terrorist acts of violence. The terrorists do not attempt to control any region, as this identifies them to a location which reduces their security and mobility. The terrorist avoid direct confrontations with the forces of government. Insurgents can have something to achieve from clashing with the government forces, like proving that they can efficiently challenge the government military and test their effectiveness. Terrorist organizations have nothing to gain from clashing with the governments. The terrorists groups will not engage in anything that resembles a fair fight or a war itse lf. They use ways that will neutralize the powers of the conventional forces. Terrorists tactics include; bombings of civilian targets where the military spend off duty time, ambushes of conveys that are not defended and the assassinations of poorly guarded individuals (Sageman 24). Insurgencies do not need the targeting of civilians, despite the fact that they expand the required legal definition of combatants to include the police and other security personnel

Explore the long and short term social and economic consequences of Essay

Explore the long and short term social and economic consequences of the dissolution of the monasteries under King Henry VIII (8th) - Essay Example Henry, working through his chief minister Thomas Cromwell, decided to cut England's ties with the papacy in Rome and introduce the Reformation into the kingdom. Historians have argued that the dissolution of England's monasteries was a social and economic revolution. It was the biggest change in the ownership of land in the kingdom since the Norman Conquest. In the 16th century, England needed more land because of a rise in the kingdom's population and improvements in agriculture, allowing previously uncultivated lands to be opened up. The Dissolution also allowed people outside the Church to take advantage of the monasteries' property, and nobles and the gentry bought much of it. A large part of England's wealth was thus taken out of the hands of the Church; this allowed the gentry to take a more important part in the kingdom's affairs because they could afford to attend university and sit as Members of Parliament. Many of the dismantled monasteries and friaries were sold for nominal amounts (often to the local aristocrats and merchants), and some of the lands the King gave to his supporters; there were also pensions to be paid to some of the dispossessed clerics. Many others continued to serve the parishes. Although the total value of the confiscated property has been calculated to be 200,000 at the time, the actual amount of income King Henry received from it from 1536 through 1547 averaged only 37,000 per year, about one fifth of what the monks had derived from it. Money from the monasteries helped to ensure that Henry would have no difficulty financing the Crown. Consequences of the Act for the Suppression of the Lesser Monasteries: Prior to 1536, Henry had ordered that Thomas Cromwell, his Vicar-General, carry out an audit of the monasteries, which he did with four men in just six months, resulting in some wrong decisions. Cromwell reported 'Manifest sin, vicious, carnal and abominable living is daily used and committed amongst the little and small abbeys'. The reports of Cromwell often differed with the reports of the relevant Bishops and he tended to brand all houses as corrupt. It was in this spirit of reform that the Act for the Suppression of the Lesser Monasteries, 1536 was passed. The Act clearly pointed out the worthiness of 'great and honorable monasteries right well kept', contrasting these with the smaller houses that were 'sunk irredeemably in iniquity' and had 'resisted all attempts at reform for 200 years or more', and it was these that should be closed down. The Act also stated that 'The idle and dissolute monks and nuns who live in these little dens of vice should be dispersed amongst the greater abbeys where they will, by discipline and example, be brought to mend their ways. The properties and endowments thus vacated can then be transferred to the King, to put to such better uses as he may think fit'. Henry used the money to finance the building of forts around the English coast, hardly a better use. According to the Act, all the land and property of a religious house that had an income of less than 200 a year was transferred to the Crown. The Act allowed for the abbots, priors, abbesses and prioresses to be compensated with generous pensions and other monks and nuns could be transferred to another house or return to the secular way of life. The new owners of the lands were encouraged

Chagall’s Apocalypse in Lilac, Capriccio Essay Example for Free

Chagall’s Apocalypse in Lilac, Capriccio Essay This painting was done by Marc Chagall, a Russian artist. It is a painting of Christ shouting at a Nazi soldier while also witnessing other forms of violence from his view. While He is being crucified, others were hanged, stabbed and crucified like him while an inverted clock falls from the sky. It was a response in the increasing number of casualties from the Holocaust. It was his tribute to the Jewish community. His art pieces, upon reaching the shores of Germany were prohibited by the Nazis by the order of Adolf Hitler himself, just like what happened to other modernist art pieces. (Chipp, 1968) The color scheme is black and white; it means that the artist conveys in the art piece that it is a grim incident which he wanted to record before he passes on. A set of symbols from different elements have been depicted in the art piece. First is the crucifixion of Christ, most of us have acknowledged that Christ is the redeemer of mankind. But here, He was depicted as a powerless man only capable of screaming at a soldier to stop the violence. The next symbol in this art piece is the violence around Christ; it was like the people forgetting that a God or His son exists. The violence goes on, while an inverted clock which spins in the other way, the last symbol, tells us that man is in reverse evolution at that time. We are slaughtering each other like animals for survival. Interpretation The location and the people centered on the art piece impacts me in a way that any other artworks with similar themes do. This is a humanist approach to telling people that â€Å"peace is in our hands. † I could say that after Delacroix’s Liberty Leading the People, the next piece a person would want to see is this artwork by Chagall. Comparing the two, the former is looking forward to progress, while the latter is looking forward to a series of regression, symbolized by the inverted clock in the sky. War became the motivation of Chagall in order to create this work. There are many artists who have been affected by war, Chagall was one example. It gave them an intense emotion, an intense desire to break free. Like in war, natural calamities also give artists a certain feeling of sadness. One example of this was Edvard Munch and his work The Scream, which he created during the time when the Krakatoa volcano erupted and claimed many lives. Chagall has been very open about his perspective on the war that is going on in Germany, how the Nazis seized the political power from the Weimar republic, and how it oppressed the Jewish people. He has viewed the society under a time of war. This was his answer, to paint propaganda about how God feels seeing that the race of his likeness is slaying each other. Chagall was also known as a chronicler of biblical events. He was fond of using The Bible as a reference for his works. But in the Apocalypse, he blended real-life events and the ones that happened in the Bible. For art historians, the Apocalypse was a rare Chagall painting. Through the symbols, I have interpreted it as propaganda against the Nazi rule on Germany. Others may interpret the artwork as a continuation of the peoples’ suffering in the time of Christ. Or putting it simply, Christ as the people is at its weakest and can do nothing to stop the violence around him. Though we may have different interpretations on Chagall’s painting, we all share a common view that the people depicted in the painting is suffering. In addition, with the inverted clock may be interpreted by others as a person peeking through history, or the past. It tells the person or the clock that â€Å"this is us in this time of day†. At exactly the same time and the same date, this is what is going on. Social Judgment I believe that moving the art in another setting would be just the same. But there are certain elements that can be replaced like the Nazis; it can be replaced with soldiers who have invaded powerless, poor countries. The violence can be replaced with soldiers who are torturing and killing innocent people who fought for the freedom of their country. These people who they claimed to be smaller than the invasive soldiers have been fighting a war for freedom with and without the use of weapons. Many times the weak and the small were not heard by the powerful. Many times the human rights have been violated. Many people are suffering today with their own wars, combating hunger, homelessness, ignorance and many other deficiencies due to the rights that were withheld from them. Today, the London Jewish Museum bought the painting for $43,000. It was exhibited in the museum in remembrance of the Jews who were killed, persecuted, tortured and subjected to forced labor by the Nazis. The painting fits the The last question is if I like this work. Yes, I do. I give the highest form of adoration in the work. It is because rare are the times that artists have a nationalist or humanist emotion when it comes to painting their work. Chagall belongs to the line of artists who believe that peace can still be achieved. Rare are the artists who used their skills not for commercial purposes, but rather to express what they feel in the current situation of their world. Rare are the chances that a person would see an artist concerned not only about his country but also for the countries of his brothers, especially in these times. Chagall was more than intelligent; he was proven a genius with the creation of his masterpiece. Conclusion Many scholars believe that art does not exist for its own sake. Rather, art has political, ethical, social values. Aesthetics is only a bonus. For a painting like the Apocalypse in Lilac, this also holds true. As long as there are human beings struggling for power, there will always be politics. Chagall was an artist concerned about the welfare of his European brothers. He was a humanist. Seeing the war through his eyes, he got inspired. He gathered his brushes and gave the first few strokes on his work. He was fond of using Biblical figures. For him, Christ was the most fitting of them all, for He is the people. Anyone who betrays the people betrays Him. It was a powerful symbol to convey. The artwork was a critique of the war, its illogic and its costs to the people. He also described the rule of Hitler through the painting, being ungodly and grim to the people who are part of his country. The innocent, being pained by the nooses of death and knives of the soldiers are his descriptions of Hitler’s approach to leadership. Because of this, Hitler banned Chagall and so are other modern artists who conveyed their feelings about Nazi Germany and the people who are not fraternal with the Jews they have forced into labor. Moving the setting of the painting, say in contemporary times, it would be just the same. It won’t change everything because this is exactly how the people feel when they are working under large corporations, when they are giving their maximum output while only earning their minimum wage. Hitler may be gone, but the repercussions that his spiritual successors have done still echo and can still be felt by the people. I recommend a viewing of Chagall’s work, which is timeless because we can still relate to it, we are living in a society like these, and the only difference is that the hierarchy has legal bases for their existence. Liking the painting is not enough like I’ve said. It is recommended to view it again and again and compare our societies with the one depicted in the art. This is to have a clear view of what we are and what we are to expect in the future. References: Chagall, M. , Owen, P. (2003). My Life. Cambridge, Masachussetts: Da Capo Press. Chipp, H. B. (1968). Theories of Modern Art: A Source Book by Artists and Critics. Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. Hopkins, D. (2000). After Modern Art: 1945-2000. New York, New York: Oxford University Press.

Use of Ethos in Political Campaigning :: Persuasion Rhetorical Analysis Essays

Use of Ethos in Political Campaigning Political campaigning, is it annoying? Many people would agree that it is, but if one looks closely behind the face value of the so-called annoying promotion, one may find a soon to be political figure using a perfect example of persuasion known as rhetoric. Breaking down the rhetorical theories applied to a campaign image can make the political figure seem a lot more interesting. Al Gore and the Democratic party, for example, used name and reputation to run for president of the United States in 2000. An advertisement found on the internet in 1999/2000 proves use of the three theories of rhetoric- ethos, pathos, and logos. Aristotle was one of the first persons to use rhetoric as well as apply it to speech and writing. By referencing to the rhetoric used, one can see how this ancient style of persuasion has lasted long into the twenty-first century. One can also see how rhetoric works on us as a society today. In a photogragh produced by the Democratic party of 1999/2000 situated ethos was used to promote Al Gore. He was vice president in the same year the advertisement was promoting him, and was using his reputation as vice president to run for president. So it was only fitting that Al Gore would be centered in the photograph. He was not the main focus of the photograph, but definitely big part of the advertisement. The main focus of the advertisement was the text. The text was very easy to notice with a background that appeared to be a hand-painted city of many colors. The city seemed to be something much like what one would see on a cartoon. In large, white print painted over the colorful city were the words A Voice for Working Families. By using this text the Democratic party was using honorific language (pathos). The colorful background could be interpreted as pathos by appealing to the audience visually. The text was being used as a tool to relate and speak to primarily middle Americans also known as the blue collars of society. With this text Al Gore was saying without speaking, he could relate on their level and he was willing to be their voice in government. Al Gore was using positive text by letting the Americans in the middle class know that he was taking their concerns seriously. As well as the city of colors, the white text, and Al Gore there were four people in the advertisement.

Current Childminding Legislation Essay

1.1 Current Childminding Legislation The following is an overview of the current legislation which has an affect on childminders, parents and children. Equality Act 2010 The act replaced previous anti-discrimination laws with a single act to make the law simpler and to remove inconsistencies. The act covers nine protected characteristics. The characteristics applying to home-based childcare include disability, race, religion or belief and gender. Childcare Act (2006) The act lays out registration and inspection arrangements, providing for an integrated education and care framework for the Early Years and general childcare registers. It introduced the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) in England. The Early Years Register and the General Childcare Register provide a regulatory framework for childcare under the act. Children Act (2004) Identified as the most influential law for home-based childcare, it outlines that the general function of the Act is for the Children’s Commissioner to be concerned in particular with the views and interests of children so far as relating to the following aspects of their well-being: physical and mental health and emotional well-being; protection from harm and neglect; education, training and recreation; the contribution made by them to society; social and economic well-being. These five outcomes for children are recognised as the overarching aim of the Early Years Foundation Stage, namely the Every Child Matters outcomes of staying safe, being healthy, enjoying and achieving, making a positive contribution, and achieving economic well-being. Health Protection Agency Act (2004) Established the Health Protection Agency. The Agency has numerous functions in relation to health, including the prevention of the spread of infectious disease. Care of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations (2002) COSHH deal with preventing or reducing workers’ exposure to hazardous substances. All parts of COSHH apply if a home-based childcare provider employs any staff. Special Educational Needs and Disability Act (2001) This act protects persons from discrimination on the grounds of a disability, and it requires that reasonable adjustments must be made to services, provisions and/or premises so that disabled persons do not suffer significant disadvantages compared to non-disabled persons. Children are covered by this legislation as they are persons in the eyes of the law. Data Protection Act (1998) It protects sensitive personal data being published without a persons consent. Where children are involved consent has to be given by a parent or guardian. Protection of Children Act (1999) The Act states that the Secretary of State shall keep a list of individuals who are considered unsuitable to work with children. Human Rights Act (1998) The Act incorporates the European Convention on Human Rights into UK law. Children are covered by this legislation although not specifically mentioned. Code of Practice for First Aid (1997) The Act sets out standard practice and guidance for trained first aiders and gives tailored advice to show different people in industry what they need to do to meet their legal responsibilities for health and safety. Food Safety (General Food Hygiene) Regulations 1995 This Act is not currently applicable to registered childminders but acquiring a basic Food Hygiene Certificate is considered good practice. Local authorities require registered childminders to register with their local Environmental Health Department and obtain the following document: ‘Safer food, better business for Childminders’ available from the Food Standards Agency. Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR) (1995) This act specifies what kind of accidents and incidents that happen in the work place are required to be reported to RIDDOR. Code of Practice for the Identification and Assessment of Children with Special Educational Needs (1994, revised in 2001) This Code of Practice provides practical advice to educational settings, including early years settings, on carrying out their statutory duties to identify, assess and make provision for children’s special educational needs. Children Act (1989) This Act was introduced in an effort to reform and clarify the existing laws affecting children and the current child protection system is based on it. Children’s rights were acknowledged for the first time in UK law. Amongst other things, the act legislates to protect children who may be suffering or  are likely to suffer significant harm. Public Health (Control of Disease) Act (1984) This act states the need for notification and possible exclusion periods for certain infectious diseases. Exclusions for children include exclusion from schools, places of entertainment or assembly. Education Act (1981) This Act became law in 1983 and tried to provide adequate safeguards, rights and duties for all those concerned with the education of children with special educational needs and to ensure these children’s rights to be integrated into the life and work of the community. It also recognised parents’ rights regarding their children’s education. ROLE OF REGULATORY BODIES Regulatory bodies in the UK are Ofsted (England) Care and Social Services Inspectorate Wales (CSSIW) Standards (Wales) Scottish Commission for the Regulation of Care (Scotland) Local Health and Social Services Trust (Northern Ireland) The fundamental role of these regulatory bodies is to ensure that children receive the best possible care in all the settings a child attends away from their home. The systems they have in place will also reassure parents, guardians and carers who have to be able to entrust their child to an organisation or individual to look after. The following information looks at the role of regulatory bodies in relation to home-based childcare. All home-based childcare providers are required to register with the regulatory body of their country. The regulatory bodies in the UK all have similar registration requirements and regulations in place. The regulations make sure that all home-based childcare providers follow the same structure of care, learning and development for children, which also apply to all  other Early Years settings (daycare centres, nurseries, etc.). This structure is implemented to improve the quality and consistency of care in all Early Years settings and therefore also helps to create a framework for an important partnership – the partnership between parents and professionals. In England this structure is called the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS – birth to five years old) which promotes children to learn through play; covers basic welfare requirements such as safeguarding children; making sure that people who care for children are suitable as well as the premises and equipment used; covers the learning and development requirements for children. It also promotes equality of opportunity for all children Regulatory bodies have systems and processes in place to control the registration process and the inspections carried out on registered home-based childcare providers. They also have the power to investigate a complaint or concern raised against a childcare provider to make sure the welfare requirements are met. If it emerges that the necessary requirements are not met, regulatory bodies are in a position to take action against the childcare provider. All these systems are in place to ensure that children receive the best possible care in all the settings they attend away from their home.

An Inspector Calls- How Priestly Presents Arthur Birling Essay

Arthur Birling is a self-centred man intent on climbing the class ladder, even at the expense of his family and employees. He regularly uses his obsessive behaviour over status to invoke popularity or power within a particular crowd, which is evident in the very first scenes of the play when Birling says to Gerald: ‘It’s exactly the same port your father gets from him’, suggesting Mr Birling bought it in order to imitate a more prominent societal figure as well as to gain a rapport with Croft. Similarly, Birling tries this technique with the Inspector, however this time to gain leverage over him by asking if he sees much of ‘Chief Constable, Colonel Roberts’, following up his threat with a disclosure of his superiority; â€Å"He’s an old friend of mine†¦I see him fairly. We play golf together†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This was intended to make the Inspector feel belittled and impressed by Birling’s relationship with the Chief Constable, however Priestly makes this decidedly lost on the Inspector, because as a symbol of socialism, he wouldn’t care. One thing Priestly in particular was grateful for after the World Wars was the newfound merging of classes, reflected her in An Inspector Calls by the Inspector’s indifference towards Birling’s titles and wealth. It shows that Birling, regardless of how much money he has or who he knows, is still being investigated for neglecting his social responsibilities. This ultimately shows Socialism as uncorrupted when juxtaposed against the 1912 society where the belief was that if you were rich enough, you weren’t guilty of anything, which is why Birling is outraged by the Inspector’s visit; â€Å"†¦we’re respectable citizens and not criminals!† Despite the possibility that Mr Birling perhaps had an uneasy upbringing, occasionally indicated by his faux pars, which his wife readily berates him for (‘(reproachfully) Arthur, you’re not supposed to say such things-‘), Priestly leaves no room for the audience to sympathise with Birling because in doing so, Capitalism would be accommodated for. To remedy this, Birling is presented as a fool to the modern and 1945 audience by describing the Titanic as ‘†¦unsinkable, absolutely unsinkable.’ As well as wrongly predicting that there wouldn’t be war. As a result, the audiences, likely emotionally affected by these events, would be angered at Mr Birling’s stupidity, making him instantly unlikeable. Coincidentally, J.B Priestly transforms the illusion of grand Capitalism to one of supreme naivety at  Birling’s failure to see past his own self-importance. This sides the audience with what seems to be the only other option that they won’t condemn themselves to this 1912 attitude; Socialism. In essence, Priestly shows that Birling and people like him are a negative part of society because of their refusal to hold any responsibility for anyone other than themselves; â€Å"I can’t accept responsibility†. This in turn steers the audience away from Capitalism by using Mr Birling’s selfishness as a warning to us all: If we don’t accept the responsibility we owe to other people, then no matter who we are, or which walk of life we come from, we will be as foolish as Mr Birling.

Creative Story Writing Lesson for ESL Students

Creative Story Writing Lesson for ESL Students Helping Students Write a Creative Story Once students have become familiar with the basics of English and have begun communicating, writing can help open up new avenues of expression. These first steps are often difficult as students struggle to combine simple sentences into more complex structures. This guided writing lesson is intended to help bridge the gap from simply writing sentences to developing a larger structure. During the course of the lesson students become familiar with the sentence connectors so and because. Aim: Guided Writing - learning to use the sentence connectors so and because Activity: Sentence combination exercise followed by guided writing exercise Level: lower intermediate Outline: Write a sentence with so and a sentence with because on the board: Example: We needed some food so I went to the supermarket. | He studied all night because he had a difficult test the next day.Ask students which sentence expresses a reason (because) and which sentence expresses a consequence (so).Now, write these variations of the sentences on the board: Example: I went to the supermarket because we needed some food. | He had a difficult test so he studied all night.Ask students to explain what has changed in the sentences. Check the students understanding of the differences between so and because.Give the students the sentence matching exercise. Students should match the two sentences that logically go together.Once students have completed this exercise, ask them to combine the two sentences in each pair using so or because. Check their answers as a class.Read the example story to the class as a listening exercise which also sets the tone for the follow Story:A young Swedish man na med Lars met a beautiful young French woman named Lise. They met in a cafe in Amsterdam during the afternoon. As soon as Lars saw Lise, he fell hopelessly in love because she was so beautiful and sophisticated. He wanted to meet her, so he introduced himself and asked her if he could speak to her. Soon, they were talking about their two countries and having a wonderful time. They decided to continue their discussion that evening so they made a date to have dinner in a wonderful restaurant. They continued to see each other every day because they had such a wonderful time together. Five months later, Lars moved to France and they married and lived happily ever after. Have students write a similar story using the guided writing prompts provided on their worksheet. Tell them they should be a creative as possible as that will make their story all the more enjoyable.Circulate around the room helping students with their short compositions.As a follow-up listening exercise which can be a lot of fun, have students read their stories aloud to the class. Results and Reasons I had to get up early.Im hungry.She wants to speak Spanish.We needed a vacation.Theyre going to visit us soon.I went for a walk.Jack won the lottery.They bought a CD.I needed some fresh air.She takes evening courses.Their friend had a birthday.We went to the seaside.I had an early meeting at work.He bought a new house.We havent seen them in a long time.Im cooking dinner. Writing A Short Story Quickly answer the questions below and then use the information to write your short story. Use your imagination to make the story as enjoyable as possible! Which man? (nationality, age)Loved who? (nationality, age)Where did they meet? (place, when, situation)Why did the man fall in love?What did he do next?What did the two do together that day?What did they do after that day?Why did they continue to see each other?How does the story end? Do they get married, do they separate?Is your story a sad or happy story?

Incentive program to reduce waste Research Proposal

Incentive program to reduce waste - Research Proposal Example inventive and dynamic incentive system in the forklift operational management needs to be designed to dramatically cut down accidents and risks to the barest minimum. This is a proposal for incentive program to reduce waste by forklift operators during shipping of goods. First the proposal would identify the kind of forklift operations that need incentive programs during movements. Next, it would recommend the kinds of incentive programs that could be conveniently implemented From a review of the company’s accident statistics, it is observed that the rate of losses due to forklift accidents are very high, sometimes average around 4-5 accidents per month. These accidents may occur due to mishandling of forklifts, improper or inadequate training to forklift operators or even due to negligent or careless supervision. The management needs to take firm and concrete steps not only in order to reduce and even eliminate the risks of heavy losses of materials due to forklift operations but also risk of personal injury to forklift operators or other stores personnel There is always the risk due to mishandling of goods while handling. This could be due to judgement errors of the forklift operator or if his view is blocked due to cartons in front of him, or if the pellets on which the materials are mounted are defective or broken. Lack of proper training, judgemental error or mechanical or electrical fault, or malfunctioning of the forklift could also lead to wastages, accidents and losses, determinate or indeterminate. In the event the forklift overturns while in operation, this could cause serious damages or even loss of life or limbs. Besides, there needs to be some self induced or regulatory measures by which such damages or losses could be sustained. The incentive programme is not a substitute for safety but to inculcate a sense of collective responsibility for denial of accidents or property damages. The damages may not be of the company’s items alone but could

Shaping Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Shaping Behavior - Essay Example Skinner whose work with behavior modification earned him the moniker of Father of Behaviorism develop the theory of operant conditioning. The theory postulates that all behavior is essentially governed by the constant application of punishing and reinforcing stimuli. Behavior modification is designed to use a scheduled approach that consistently punishes undesirable behavior while rewarding desired behavior (Snowman, McCown & Biehler, 2012). . This concept as developed by Skinner is seen to be widely used in not only therapy, but also in a number of psychological settings. It can effectively be used in the treatment of a number of disorders including oppositional defiant disorder, autism and attention deficit disorder. In addition to this, the fundamentals of behavior modification can essentially be used to try and increase desired behavior in a given individual regardless of the person’s functional level. Reinforcement and punishment as based on the operant conditioning theory have been demonstrated to be effective in shaping behavior. In classical conditioning, organisms are trained to learn to associate a given new stimuli with biological and natural responses such as fear or salivation. The organism does not essentially learn something new, but instead is seen to being performing in what is an existing behavior in the presence of a given new signal. Operant conditioning takes a different approach as learning is based on the consequences of behavior and can at times involve the learning of new actions (Miltenberger, 2011). Punishment can be used to stop negative behavior among children. In operant conditioning, positive is seen to refer to the addition of a consequence that will serve to deter a child from repeating what is deemed to be negative behavior. Although positive punishment is essential in healthy discipline it